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| any living organism that must be examined with a microscope |
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| Magnifying lens usually 10X |
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| mirrors/prisms to make image |
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| magnify the speciment (10X, 40X, 100X) |
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| platform that holds slide |
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| allows slide to be moved on the stage |
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| Focuses in on small things |
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| controls amount of light able to enter |
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| preparations of cultures using thin smear of culture |
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| easy to distinguish organisms and background, positive charge and attracted to negative charged bacteria |
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| act of drying out bacteria so the cells will stay in place for staining |
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| used in seeing size/shape by not using harsh dyes or heat that could distort organism. Congo red and nigrosin have negative charges and are repelled by the negatively charged bacteria. cells are left unstained, background is stained |
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| allows ppl to see difference between organisms or parts of the same organism |
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| removes stain from certain types of cells |
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| stains cells that have lost the color of the primary stain |
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| cell walls have thick peptidogylcan layer. Stained Purple |
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| cell walls have thin peptidoglycan layer as well as LPS layer. Stained Red. |
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| Smear is heat fixed. Flood with crystal violet. Rinse slide with water. Flood with gram’s iodine. Rinse with water. Decolorize with ethanol acetone soln. Rinse with water. Flood with safranin. Rinse with water. Blot with bibulous paper. Examine under oil immersion. |
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| enhances crystal violet stain on gram positive cells. |
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| layer surrounding and attached to cell wall made of proteins. Prevents drying of organism, helps organism hide from immune system, traps other plaque. |
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| Congo red is applied to slide, culture is mixed in, prepare a thin smear, let air dry, flood with AM capsule stain, rinse with deionized water, examine under oil immersion. Stain with be red cell with clear zone (capsule) with stained background. |
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| formed in environmental stress and keep the dna safe to “start” back up again |
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| endospores go to vegetative cells to start again |
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| makes pathogen when environmental conditions are met |
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| tought outer layer that is not readily stained so must have extreme conditions to drive stain into spore |
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| located inside cell to the left |
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| located inside in the middle of cell |
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| located inside to the right of cell |
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| heat fix a smear, place on can of boiling water with extreme heat, flood smear with malachite green, keep slide from drying out, rinse with water, flood with safranin, rinse with water, dry and examine under oil immersion |
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| only a single microbial species |
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| culture is streaked out over agar plate to spread out culture until isolated colonies are obtained. |
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| bacteria is mixed in a tube of melted agar, mixed and poured into petri plate |
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| CFU, isolated colonies on surface |
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| mixing culture into melted agar, until CFUs are obtained |
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| food required for organisms to grow |
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| broth, tubes, etc used to grow large numbers of bacteria |
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| prepared by adding solidifying agent to liquid medium |
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| adds solidifying agent but a less concentration so its jelly-like |
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| complex components whose chemical makeup is unknown |
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| purified and defined components |
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| media that have added nutrients |
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| favor the growth of particular media |
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| complex media but contain substances like ph indicator |
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| autoclaving sterilization |
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| application of moist heat and pressure |
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| put in oven and exposed to high temps to prevent condensation |
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| used on surface to kill bacteria using UV lights |
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| gas used to sterilize items that are susceptible to high temps |
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| physical removal of largeish bacteria using filter |
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| require limited amount of oxygen, require levels of CO2 |
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| grow well with or w/o oxygen |
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| grow in aerobic or anaerobic but grow better with oxygen |
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| die in presence of oxygen |
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| combination to reduce oxygen |
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| grow in acidic environments with pH below 5.5 |
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| grow best at low temps -5 degrees-20 degrees celsius |
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| grow best at 20 degrees to 45 degrees |
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| grow above 45 degrees celsius |
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| minimal, optimal, maximum |
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| lowest temp, ideal temp, highest temp for growth |
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| force which moves water from a low conc to a high conc |
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| substance dissolved in a soln |
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| liquid to dissolve solute |
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| low water conc so cell gets water and bursts |
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| equilibrium inside vs outside cell |
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| high water conc, so cell releases water and cell collapses |
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| grow in high concentrations |
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| sum of metabolic activities of an organism’s enzymes |
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| enzyme that breaks down glucose into single units to be used as energy |
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| breaks down casein into soluble units |
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| gives organisms their unique characteristics |
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| hole created by single virus invading single host cell |
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| virus that only infect bacteria |
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| infections caused by pathogens that take advantages of certain situations. Dont cause disease in host |
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| most common type of organism in blood |
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| localized infections that are non-multiplying |
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| sub-acute bacterial endocarditis |
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| inflammation of the lining of heart valves |
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| bacteria constantly fed into the blood stream |
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| bacteremia gone bad that result in serious infection where organisms are actively growing in the blood |
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| cavaties that form when bacteria ferment carbs on the tooths surface |
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| destruction of RBC that form greenish area |
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| destruction of RBC that leaves clear zone |
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| no effect on RBC, dont produce hemolysins |
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| person to person via cough, touching, air etc |
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| spread via inanimate objects |
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| spread via insect bites, etc |
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| infectious disease constantly present in population |
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| pathogen causing disease throughout world |
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| first reported case during outbreak |
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| continuous source on infection |
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| organisms spreading disease without showing any signs or symptoms |
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| broad spectrum antibiotics |
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| treat infections by killing gram + and gram – bacteria |
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| Narrow spectrum antibiotics |
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| very specific for one group of microorganisms |
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| nonselective in their action, applied to skin commonly |
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| nonselective in action, applied to objects like floors, tables |
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| kills vegetative cells, used in food industry |
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